Compare Contrast Operant Classical Conditioning

Learning is any relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience (Grivas et al, 1999: 318). Conditioning is the acquisition of specific patterns of behaviour in the presence of well-define stimuli (Termpapers, 2003: 01). Learning is the unconscious association between two stimuli which brings about stimulus substitution: Classical Conditioning, CC, Pavlov and the encoding of consequences: Operant Conditioning, OC, Skinner (Grivas et al. 1999: 346-349). This essay will compare and contrast the two learning theories, focusing on the main similarities and differences that exist. CC (otherwise known as respondent or Pavlovian conditioning (Weiten, 2001: 222 Copper et al, 1987: 19) was first described by Pavlov in 1899 after†¦show more content†¦However they differ in that CC is an unconscious association between two stimuli and OC is a conscious process of learning (Temper, 2003: 01). In both types of conditioning, extinction occurs however they slightly vary in the process (Grivas et al, 1999: 374). In CC, extinction refers to the gradual weakening or disappearance of the CR resulting from the continuos presentation of the CS alone (Grivas at al, 1999: 329). In OC however, the discontinuation of any reinforcement that had once maintained a given behaviour is referred to as extinction (Baldwin, 1998: 57). When reinforcement is withdrawn from the learning process, the frequency or rate of response decreases (Baldwin, 1998: 57). In CC, extinction takes place over a period of time when the UCS is withdrawn (Grivas et al, 1999: 363). Extinction within OC also occurs over time, but following the termination of reinforcement. (Grivas et al, 1999: 363) Another similarity that is present between the two learning theories is spontaneous recovery Extinction in both CC and OC can be interrupted by Spontaneous recovery (Grivas e al, 1999: 374). 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The Movie Selena - 2286 Words

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Managerial Accounting – FIFO Accounting

Question: Describe about the Managerial Accounting FIFO Accounting. Answer: a) i) Cost per equivalent unit for each product cost category Equivalent units of production = units transferred out + equivalent units in ending work in process inventory Equivalent units in beginning work in process inventory (Hansen, et al., 2007) To complete Beginning work in process =20 /100 x 12,000 = 2,400 litres Units started and completed = 148,500 litres Ending work in progress = 40/100 x 15,000 litres x 100/60 = 10,000 litres Equivalent units of production = 160,900 litres Cost per equivalent unit = production cost/Equivalent units = $ 942,275/160,900 litres = $5.86 per litre ii) Cost of finished goods transferred out Good units completed and transferred out + Goods completed in beginning = 148,500 litres + 9,600 litres x $ 5.86/litre = $ 926, 466 iii) Abnormal spoilage = Total spoilage - Normal spoilage (5%) Abnormal spoilage is the amount of waste generated by a production process, which exceeds the normal level that was expected. It is calculated from the total spoilage and the normal spoilage as an incurred expense. Total spoilage = (Units in beginning work-in process inventory + Units started) (Good units completed and transferred out + Units in ending work-in progress) = (12000 litres +160500 litres) (148,500 litres + 15,000 litres) = 9,000 litres Normal spoilage = 5/100 x 148,500 (Goods completed and transferred out) = 7,425 litres Abnormal spoilage = 9,000 litres 7,425 litres = 1,575 litres x $ 5.86 = $ 9, 229.5 iv) Ending work process = beginning work in progress + manufacturing costs costs of goods manufactured = ($80,000 + $862, 275) - $ 861,645 = $80,630 b) Pass all necessary journal entries Flow of production Physical Units Direct Materials Conversion Costs Work in process 1 Feb 12,000 litres Started during Feb 160,500 litres 321,000 541,275 Goods finished and transferred 158,100 litres Started and completed 148,500 litres Normal spoilage 5/100 x 148,500 = 7, 425 litres Abnormal spoilage 9,000 litres 7,425 litres = 1,575 litres Work in process ending 15,000 litres Work done in current period only 160,900 litres c) An equivalent unit of production is a measure of the quantity of work done by a manufacturer who is yet to complete work on the units on hand at the end of an accounting period (Drury, 2013). All units, the completed and partially completed units, are expressed as fully completed units. The unit gives a theoretical view of the amount of overhead manufacturing costs, cost of materials, and direct labor that the company incurred in the accounting period for all uncompleted items (Kinney Raiborn, 2012). References Drury, C. M., 2013. Management and cost accounting. Oxford, UK: Springer. Hansen, D., Mowen, M. Guan, L., 2007. Cost management: Accounting and control. NewY ork, NY: Cengage Learning. Kinney, M. R. Raiborn, C. A., 2012. Cost Accounting: Foundations and Evolutions. New York, NY: Cengage Learning.